Los apellidos árabes que comienzan con «al-» o «Al-» se ordenan alfabéticamente según la palabra que sigue.
Abbasid Empire, 20
‘Abd ‘al-Jabbār, 180–81
‘Abd al-’Uzzē (‘Abd al-’Uzza), 217n82
Abdel Haleem, Muhammad, 80–81
Abel, 64
Abraha (Abraham), 18, 103, 115, 203n33, 218n93, 271n78
Abraham: y las religiones abrahámicas, 187n21; visita angélica a, 14; in Didascalia, 179; y el horno de fuego, 74, 151; pacto de Dios con, 15, 52; como ḥanīf, 4–6, 186n18, 197–98n126; y los ídolos de su padre, 58, 67–75; como judío o cristiano, 218–19n99; la Kaaba de, 194n94; como musulmán, 122, 123; como progenitor del islam, 196n107; en el Corán, 4, 14–15, 16, 23, 58, 72–74, 76, 120, 122–23, 147, 151, 155, 157, 170, 212n17; religión de, 3, 116, 185–86n14, 186n16, 225n14; búsqueda de Dios, 204–5n53
Abrahamic religions, 187n21
Abu ‘Āmir (‘Abd ‘Amr), 116
Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, 1, 26–27
Abū Jahl, 27–28, 29
Abū Ṭālib, 118
Abisinia. Véase Etiopía
Adam: ángeles postrándose ante, 58–61, 62, 63–67, 69, 204n43; creación de, 62–64, 66, 67, 153, 171, 174, 203n35; y la caída del diablo, 57, 59–67; como primer hombre, 67; imagen de, 205n62; en el Corán, 16, 76
‘Adī b. Ḥātim, 145
‘Adī b. Zayd, 20, 37
Ahmad, 42, 44. Véase también Muhammad (Prophet)
Akleides, 92
Ali, Yusuf, 36
‘Alī b. Abī Ṭālib, 1, 115
Allah. Véase God (Allah)
‘Ammār b. Yāsir, 28, 29
‘Amr (son of Hind bint Nu’mān), 18
‘Amro (king of all the Arabs), 100
Anderson, Gary, 64, 65
Andræ, Tor, 139, 166–67, 177, 178
angels: aparición a Abraham, 14–15; aparición a Mahoma, 1–2; en el Talmud babilónico, 61–62; postrándose ante Adán, 58–61, 62, 63–67, 69, 204n43; Gabriel, 1–2, 33, 155, 226n19; custodio / de la guarda, 209n105; como mensajeros, 1–2, 14–15, 33; Michael, 63; interrogando a los difuntos, 175; en el Corán, 16; Raphael, 208n86; resistiendo el plan de Dios, 59–60, 61; enviado a Daniel, 207n80; hablando a María, 154; culto a, 172
Antioch, 18
anti-Semitism, 145
Aphrahat, 170–71, 177, 206n68, 229n59
Arab empires, 12–13
Arab nationalism, 212n23
Lengua árabe: Ancient North Arabian (ANA), 102, 103, 104; Ancient sudarábigo (ASA), 102, 143; alfabeto árabe, 135–36, 139; dialectos árabes, 19; Biblia traducida al, 76, 136, 202n23, 210n113, 219–20n107, 222n124, 223n136; árabe clásico, 211n8; coexistencia con el arameo/siriaco, 64, 107, 213n27, 214n39, 214n44; inscripciones, 14, 19, 134, 102–17, 135, 190n55, 203n33, 215n50, 216n65; y el islam, 13; paleoárabe, 102, 104, 105, 112, 115, 116, 216n71, 271n76; poesía, 20, 21; preislámico, 76; y el Corán, 33, 35, 36–38, 96–101, 181, 210–11n4, 211nn5–6, 211n14, 211–12n15; Texto Consonántico Coránico (TCC), 97, 211n8; raíces y traducciones, 4, 15, 30, 32, 51, 133, 154, 174, 176, 209n107, 221n117, 221n120; investigación en, 2–3; sudarábigo, 222n125; hablantes de, 50; hablado por cristianos, 21, 100, 101, 110, 213n28, 220n114
Tribus árabes: Khawlān, 25–26; Ma’add, 98; Quraysh, 23, 183–84n1, 187n22, 193n88
Arberry, Arthur J., 15, 36, 43, 53, 56, 69, 96, 97, 99, 122, 129–30, 132–33, 134, 147, 161, 184n2, 197–98n126, 198n135, 209n107, 211n15, 219n105
Aṣmā’ī, 20
Axum, Kingdom of, 103
Ayoub, Mahmoud, 141, 144–45
Āzar, 205n54
Al-Azmeh, Aziz, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 25, 110
Azzi, Joseph, 2–3, 5, 140, 185n9
Babai the Great, 171, 173, 177
Baḥīrā (monk), 118, 130
Balai, 77, 78, 83, 85, 207n83
bautismo, 143, 179
al-Baqara, 43
Baruch, 170
Basil of Caesarea, 77
basmala, 112, 115, 142–43, 180, 217n78
Bassetti-Sani, Giulio, 180
Bedouins, 100, 193n84
Bell, Richard, 4, 5, 6–7, 11, 12, 17–18, 20, 21, 22–23, 24, 38, 130; on qur’ān, 29–30, 32
bells, 117
Benjamin, 64, 79, 84–85, 207n78
Bertaina, David, 170, 173
Bible: Arabic translations of, 76, 136, 202n23, 210n113, 219–20n107, 222n124, 223n136; patriarchal figures from, 58; translation of, 136; Vulgate, 85. Véase también Hebrew Bible; New Testament
Blachère, Régis, 125
Boisliveau, Anne-Sylvie, 181
Brockelmann, Carl, 25
Bukhārī, 2
bushrā, 154–56
Byzantine Empire, 3, 10, 18, 75, 101, 103, 135
Cain, 64
carbon-14 dating, 118
Chalcedonian empire, 10
Cheikho, Louis, 20
China, 139
Christ. Véase Jesus
Christian imagery: beast, 169; birds of the air, 48; circumcision of the heart, 48, 52–54, 125, 146, 201n15, 220n109; com-
fort laid up in secret, 49, 56; earth as inheritance, 49; eating the flesh of his brother, 48; eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth, 49; eye of the needle, 48, 51; hear and rebel, 49, 51; lighten eyes, 84; mustard-seed, 48, 54–55, 201n16; pardoning seventy times, 49, 55–56; roll up the sky as a scroll, 49, 169–70; sheep-herding, 83, 90; trumpet blast, 169, 175; twinkling of an eye, 48
Christian legends, 57–94, 135; Abraham y los ídolos de su padre, 58, 67–75; Adam y la caída del diablo, 57–67; Joseph and his sojourn in Egypt, 58, 76–86; of man asleep for a hundred years, 101; Seven Sleepers of Ephesus (Companions in the Cave), 22, 58, 86–94, 170, 173, 176, 178, 180
Christianity: Abisinian, 18; in Arabia, 1, 5–12, 14, 18, 19–20, 21, 95, 101, 117, 181, 188n28, 193–94n88; arguments against, 100; in the Byzantine Empire, 3; Church of the East, 7, 18, 171, 173; conversion to, 120, 147, 188n28, 198n32, 216n64; degenerate, 5–12; denial of connection to, 25; East Syrian Church, 177, 232n90; Eastern Church, 11–12, 115, 117, 128, 219–20n107; gnostic, 7, 9; God of, 13; heretical, 7, 9–10, 12; in the Hijaz, 7–8, 19, 22–23, 38, 101, 105, 118, 135, 136, 210n1, 211–12n15, 218n94, 218n95, 221n117, 226n24; influence on Islam, 5–6, 7, 11–12, 41; in Iraq, 216n64; Jewish, 3, 7, 188n35; and Judaism, 3, 187n21; and martyrdom, 176–79; misrepresentation of, 9–11; missions, 135–40, 188–89n36; 17–29; Muhammad’s knowledge of, 8–9, 19, 41, 118–19, 120, 139–40, 188n28, 190n50, 222n130, 223n142; Muhammad’s rejection of, 6, 8, 11; orthodox, 7; persecution of, 6; and prophets, 197n124; y el Corán, 8, 30, 32, 38, 81, 94, 102, 118, 141–42; in Syria, 32, 77, 86, 116, 166–67; turns of phrase in the
Qur’an, 48–56; Western Church, 115; in Yemen, 193–94n88. Véase también Christians
Christians: Aksumite, 271n78; in Arabia, 17–19, 33, 37, 41, 110, 121, 134, 210n1, 210n2, 226n24; Arabic-speaking, 21, 100, 101, 110, 213n28, 220n114; argument against, 87; Byzantine, 226n21; Catholics, 24, 180; Collyridians, 10, 189n37, 189n38, 190n44; condemnation of, 45, 46, 47, 75, 128; criticism of, 121–27; ecclesiastical buildings, 129–30; Elkesaites, 6–7; Etiopían, 3, 18, 38, 68, 135, 218n93; evangelism by, 8, 119–20, 135–40, 188–89n36, 223n137; interaction with Muslims, 8, 24, 119, 120–22, 123, 127, 134, 141, 180–81, 186n15, 188–89n36, 212n17, 232n91, 218n95; in Iraq, 101; Jacobites, 7, 11, 18, 101, 173, 213n29; Jafnids (Ghassanids), 18, 101, 108, 191n69, 198n133, 210n2, 213n29, 215n52; Lakhmids, 18, 101, 210n2, 216n65; martyrs, 105; masīḥiyyūn, 3; in Mecca and Medina, 2, 127–28, 135, 218n93, 218n94; Melkites, 7, 11; Miaphysites, 18; Nasrids, 18, 101, 216n65; Nazarenes, 185n11, 185n12; Nazoreans, 2–3, 185n10; Near Eastern, 82; Nestorians, 11, 18, 139; non-Chalcedonians, 173; in Palestine, 218n95; as Gente del Libro, 35, 37, 44, 99, 119, 121–27, 133, 141, 148, 156, 200n6, 212n17, 212n18, 219n104; Persian, 38; preislámico, 14; Protestants, 8–9, 24; y el Corán, 10, 33, 141–42; reactions to Muhammad’s proclamations, 127; revelación to, 35; Syriac, 36, 37, 53, 58, 82, 90, 93–94, 108, 118, 179, 218n95, 228n42, 230–31n77; as “those who have gone astray,” 144–45, 147–48, 224n12, 225n16. Véase también Christianity
Christology, 11, 67, 77, 103, 120, 137, 180, 200n13
Church of Scotland, 6
Church of the Nativity, 151
circumcision, 14, 52, 125
clergy worshippers, 10
Collyridians, 10, 189n37, 189n38, 190n44
Commentary on Genesis (Ephrem), 82
Companions of the Cave, 22, 58, 86–94, 170, 173, 176, 178, 180
Conon (bishop of Tarsus), 173
convents, 18
Creating the Qur’an (Shoemaker), 118
Crone, Patricia, 172
Damascus Psalm fragment, 97–98
Daniel, 58, 207n80
David, 58, 61, 151, 153, 177, 208n88
Day of Gathering, 36, 98
Día del Juicio, 7, 68, 166, 169, 174–75, 177, 195n99, 203n32, 204n49
Day of Resurrection, 16, 61, 119, 169, 176, 200n10. Véase también resurrection
Decius (emperor), 88, 89, 91, 92–93
deities: al-Lāt, 230n71; Apollo, 88; Arabic, 195n97, 230n71; Artemis, 88; Bar- Eshath, 70; Ceres, 189n38; El-Lat, 23, 24; El-‘Uzza (al-‘Uzza), 23, 24, 230n71; Manāt (Manat), 23, 107, 230n71; pagan, 23–24, 26, 29, 70, 88, 104, 172, 192n74, 193n84, 193n85, 203n32, 230n71; tribal, 193–94n88; ‘Umyānis, 26, 29; Zeus, 88. Véase también God (Allah)
demons, 16, 40
Demonstrations (Aphrahat), 170–71
devil, 203n34, 204n43; fall of, 57, 59–67; as Iblīs, 59, 60, 61, 76. Véase también Satan
al-Dhahabī, 21
Dhū Nuwās, 18
Didascalia Apostolorum, 166, 178, 232n87
divine election, 64
Dome of the Rock, 151
Droge, Arthur, 36, 125, 198n127, 220n110, 221n117, 222n127, 222n128
Durie, Mark, 16–17
Ecclesiastical History (John of Ephesus), 92, 93
Ecclesiastical History (Zacharias of Mitylene), 92, 93
Eden, 174, 204n43
Elijah, 58
Elizabeth I, 24
Elkesai, 6–7, 188n33
Elkesaites, 6, 7
Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity (al-Azmeh), 12–13
Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of, 58, 86–94, 170, 173, 176, 178, 180
Ephraem Graecus, 207n83
Ephrem, 78, 82, 83, 167–68, 170, 177, 206n68, 208n93, 229n49, 231n78
Epiphanius of Salamis, 10, 185n12
Esau, 64
Etiopía: Christians in, 3, 18, 38, 68, 135, 218n93; Kingdom of Axum, 103; Muslims in, 118
euangelion, 154, 156, 227n27
Eugenius (bishop of Seleucia), 173
Eusebius of Caesarea, 185n12, 218–19n99
Eve, 63, 65, 174, 204n43
Ezekiel, 58
Ezra, 133
Faq’as, A. A., 112, 143
Fātiḥa (Sura 1), 142–48
Feast of the Martyrs, 232n90
Finḥās, 26
Forness, Philip, 137, 138
Fortna, Robert, 41
Gabriel (angel), 1–2, 33, 155, 156, 226n19
Germanic tribes, 12
Geschichte des Qorans (Nöldeke), 39
Ghassanids. Véase Jafnids (Ghassanids)
Gibb, Hamilton, 9, 25
Gnosticism, 7, 9
God (Allah): anger of, 125, 144–45, 224n12, 225n14; believers’ relationship to, 16–17;
as creator, 16, 23; fear of, 166–74, 181; forgiveness of, 86; of Islam vs. Chris tianity, 13–14; “the Merciful,” 14, 19, 51, 102, 103, 114, 115, 143, 149; Muhammad’s transformation of, 25; names for, 113–14, 116–17, 220n114; nature of, 157–58, 160–61, 167–68, 228n42; origin of, 13–14, 25; punishment of the Jews by, 43; refusing to forgive, 55–56; sovereignty of, 23; speaking to Muhammad, 127, 164
Golan Heights, 18
Goliath, 151
Gomor’rah, 165
Gospel: God’s gift of, 31, 34, 43–44, 57, 131, 151; Jesus and, 4, 156, 162, 202n22; likeness of believers in, 128–29, 159; in local languages, 136; message of love in, 138; in the New Testament, 154; sharing of, 135. Véase también euangelion; New Testament; parables
grace, 145, 167, 176, 178, 228n42, 230n74
Grasso, Valentina, 172
Gregory of Tours (saint), 88
Griffith, Sidney, 87–88, 90, 92–93
Grohmann, A., 110
hagiography, Syriac, 14
hajj, 25
Al-Hajj, M. A., 112, 143
Haman, 207n83
Ḥamza, 27–28, 29
ḥanīfs, 3–6, 116, 123, 185–86n14, 186n16, 186n17, 186n18, 188n26, 197–98n126, 225n14
Ḥanẓalah b. Abī ‘Āmir, 115–16
Haran (uncle of Abraham), 205n56
al-Ḥarīrī, Abū Mūsā (pseud.), 2, 5
al-Ḥārith (Christian king), 18, 108, 213n29, 215n52
Harnack, Adolf von, 7
Hawting, Gerald, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, 35, 172
Ḥayyān, 216n64
Heaven: creación de, 16, 23, 71, 138, 197–98n126; Jesus’s ascension to, 42, 200n10; Lord of, 72, 75, 112, 113, 213n33; martyrs in, 176, 179, 181. Véase también Paradise
heavenly garden, 176, 179, 181
Hebrew Bible: Arabic translations of, 76; differences from Peshitta, Septuagint, and Vulgate, 85; imagery in, 44; material en el Corán, 14, 15–16, 21–22, 206n68; Muhammad’s knowledge of, 12; as Old Testament, 6, 77, 136; turns of phrase from, 50–52, 56; Wisdom books, 58. Véase también Bible; Torá
hell, 44, 45, 55, 155, 156, 167, 173, 175, 178, 231n84, 231–32n86, 184–85n8. Véase también Sheol
Ḥenana of Adiabene, 171, 173
heresies, 7, 9–10, 12, 173, 189n37, 189n38, 189–90n43
hermits, 130, 193n86, 210n2, 221n117, 223n142
Hijaz: Arabic inscripciones in, 105, 108, 110, 115, 116, 134, 190n55; Christianity in, 7–8, 19, 22–23, 38, 101, 105, 118, 135, 136, 210n1, 211–12n15, 218n94, 218n95, 221n117, 226n24; culture of, 23; Islam in, 19, 23; Judaism in, 107, 118, 211–12n15, 221n117; language in, 134, 194, 211n8, 211–12n15; monoteísmo in, 32; pagan nature of, 17; preislámico, 13–14, 134, 194n95
al-Hilali, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din, 144
Hilarion (saint), 105
Ḥimyar, 114
Hind (wife of Mundhir III), 216n65
Hind bint Nu’mān, 18
Hira, 1
Holy Spirit, 9, 42, 52, 107, 115, 134, 143, 151, 155–56, 197n124
Hoshaya (rabbi), 66
Hoyland, Robert, 100, 101, 135
Huart, Clément, 20
humanism, 187n22
Iblīs, 59, 60, 61, 76. Véase también devil; Satan
Ibn ‘Abbās, 27
Ibn al-Jawzī, 27, 28, 144–45
Ibn Isḥāq, 1–2, 3, 4, 5, 23, 25, 28, 42, 219n101
Ibn Kathīr, 145, 176, 224n10, 225n16
iconography, Christian, 75, 205n62
Idea of Idolatry, The (Hawting), 24, 32
idol worship, 22–24, 28, 94, 120, 122, 126, 167, 174, 189n37, 193–94n88; by Abraham’s father, 68–74; Catholics accused of, 24; by Israelites, 146
imago Dei, 64–65, 203n35
India, 139
individualism, 187n22
inscripciones: Ḥimā-Sud PalAr 1, 109; Ḥimā-Sud PalAr 2, 109; Ḥimā-Sud PalAr 8, 109; ‘Abd Shams, 271n76; Ancient North Arabian (ANA), 103; Ancient sudarábigo, 143; Arabic, 14, 19, 102–17, 134, 135, 190n55, 203n33, 215n50, 216n65; Aramaic, 104, 213n37; Assyrian, 100; bilingual, 106–7, 109, 134; Christian, 19, 100, 104–5, 106, 108–9, 110, 111, 115, 117; in Dūmat al-Jandal, 104, 106, 108–9, 117; Greek, 108, 213n29; in Harran, 105, 108; Islamic, 224n8; Jabal Dhabūb, 112–14; in Jabal Says, 105, 108; Jewish, 19, 103; monotheistic, 102, 114–15, 193n85; monumental/minuscule script, 102; Nabataean, 213n37; pagan, 21, 95; paleoárabe, 14, 104, 105; preislámico, 19, 21, 100, 101, 102–17, 135, 203n33, 215n55, 216n65, 224n8; from Ri’ al-Zallālah, 110–11, 216n71; Safaitic, 191n60; from Ṭā’if, 115; UJadhNab 538, 107; Zebed, 107–8, 109
Iran (Persia), 18
Iraq, 18, 101, 216n64, 216n65
Irenaeus, 143
Isaac, 15, 64, 120, 179
Isaiah, 58, 177
al-Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Faraj, 20
Ishmael, 64, 120, 196n107
Islam: aniconic aspect of, 75; as Arab movement, 212n23; as Christian heresy, 12; conversion to, 3, 28, 116, 126, 193n84, 222n130; dismissal of, by John of Damascus, 11; in Etiopía, 118; God of (Allah), 13–14; in the Hijaz, 19, 23; influence of Christianity on, 5–6, 7, 11–12, 41; influence of Judaism on, 7, 75; Jewish, 7; origin of, 17, 22, 196n106; pagan background of, 32; and Roman culture, 13. Véase también Muslims
Israel, 15, 52, 84, 103, 213n33; Children of, 105; Tribes of, 120, 219n100. Véase también Jacob
Israelites, 47, 53, 125, 146, 220n108. Véase también Jews
Jacob, 15, 64, 78, 79, 83, 85, 120, 179, 208n86, 208n87. Véase también Israel
Jacob Baradaeus, 191n69
Jacob of Serugh, 77, 78, 87, 89, 92, 93, 136–39, 170, 200n13, 215n61
Jacobites, 7, 11, 18, 101, 173, 213n29
Jafnids (Ghassanids), 18, 101, 108, 191n69, 198n133, 210n2, 213n29, 215n52
Al-Jallad, Ahmad, 97–98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111–16, 143–44, 214n44
Jeffery, Arthur, 154
Jeremiah, 58
Jerome (saint), 185n12
Jerusalem, 7
Jesus: Ancient North Arabian reference to, 104; announcing a new prophet (Muhammad), 42, 44, 47, 157; apostles of, 6, 57, 105, 165; as argument-maker, 47–48; Christian teaching on, 121; muerte de, 204n46; divinidad de, 9, 11, 67, 122, 127, 137, 152; familiarity with, 22; followers of, 3; Gospel of, 31; grace won
by, 167; humanity of, 11, 137; incarnation of, 137, 138–39; Islamic teaching on, 121; John the Baptist preparing for, 4; and Mary, 42, 45, 58, 105, 127, 131, 151, 154, 156, 189n37; as Messiah, 45, 103, 127, 131, 133, 154, 193n86, 198n130, 208n97, 217n78; miracle stories, 58–59, 151–54, 177; Muhammad’s knowledge of, 19, 22; nativity of, 148–51; parables of, 48, 54–55, 158, 162–65, 227n31, 227n32, 227–28n33, 228n37, 228n39; on pardons, 55–56; as prophet, 42, 43, 146, 157, 199–200n5, 226n26; en el Corán, 7, 9–10, 16, 43, 44–48, 58, 75, 121, 148, 151, 156, 180, 226n26; raised to heaven, 42, 200n10; rejection and muerte de, 52; sacrifice of, 67; as “second man,” 67; variations on the name, 104–5; words of, 226n19. Véase también miracle stories
Jewish legends, 57; Abraham y los ídolos de su padre, 67–75; Adam y la caída del diablo, 59–67; Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, 74
Jews: in Arabia, 33, 107, 202n23, 213n33, 221n117; Arabic-speaking, 100; condemnation of, 47, 53, 124–25, 128, 144–48; disobedience of, 125, 146, 200n9; evangelism by, 119–20; God’s anger toward, 144–46, 220n108, 224n12, 225n14, 225n16; God’s punishment of, 43; and Jewish law, 200n9; killing the prophets, 125, 146–47, 220n108; in Mecca and Medina, 135, 210n111; Muslims and, 145, 146, 212n17; as Gente del Libro, 35, 38, 44, 99, 119, 121–27, 133, 147, 156, 200n6, 212n17, 212n18, 219n104; Qur’anic references to, 10, 26–27; rejection of Christ by, 52; revelación to, 35. Véase también Israelites; Judaism
Job, 58
John (Christian martyr), 105
John of Damascus, 11, 12, 37
John of Ephesus, 92, 93, 191n69, 198n132
John Philoponus, 173
John Rufus, 37
John the Baptist, 4, 121, 180
John the Evangelist, 152, 215n51
Jonah, 58
Jones, Alan, 40
Jordan, 18, 108
Joseph (husband of Mary), 149
Joseph (son of Jacob): brothers of, 64, 78–79, 82–86, 208n87; dreams of, 78, 82; garment of, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 208n87; en el Corán, 76–86, 191n62, 205n63, 205–6n65; sojourn in Egypt, 58, 76–86, 155, 207n80, 207n82, 208n86, 208n87; in the Syriac tradition, 77
Judah, 82
Judaism: arguments against, 100; and Christianity, 3, 187n21; denial of connection to, 25; in the Hijaz, 107, 118, 211–12n15, 221n117; influence on the Qur’an, 41, 81–82, 94, 118; y el islam, 7, 75; and prophets, 197n124; Sadducee, 232n91; turns of phrase en el Corán, 48–56; in Yemen, 193–94n88. Véase también Jews
Judgment Day. Véase Día del Juicio
Ka‘ba, 14, 18, 23
Kathisma Church, 150–51, 226n24
Khadīja, 1, 2, 184–85n8
Khan, Muhammad Muhsin, 144–45
King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Qur’an, 225n16
Kister, Menahim J., 25, 158
Kitāh al-Aghanī, 20
Koran in the Light of Christ, The (Bassetti- Sani), 180
Kulik, Alexander, 70
Laban, 84
Lakhmids, 18, 101, 210n2, 216n65
Lammens, Henri, 2, 5, 20, 24
language: Aramaic, 13, 36, 64, 98, 100, 101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 133, 134, 136, 204n52, 213n27, 214n39, 214n44, 215n61, 219n105; Aramaic-Arabic bilingualism, 107; Armenian, 63, 136; Caucasian Albanian, 136; Christian Palestinian Aramaic, 136, 154, 156, 196n115; Coptic, 136; Dadanitic, 102, 103; Ethiopic, 57, 68, 98, 221n117, 222n125, 222n127; Ge’ez, 68, 136, 214n41; Georgian, 63, 136; German, 39; Gothic, 136; Greek, 37, 44, 50, 68, 70, 98, 100, 104, 107–8, 111, 133, 136, 149, 154, 156, 176, 178, 204n52, 213n29, 214n41, 215n50, 215n51; Ḥaḍramitic, 102; Hebrew, 50, 51, 70, 94, 98, 111, 136, 196n120, 204n52, 210n111; Hismaic, 102, 103; Latin, 39, 63, 88, 136, 221n117; Minaic, 102; Nabataean, 102, 109, 111, 213n37; Nabataean Arabic, 105; Nabataean Aramaic, 100; Nubian, 136; Old Hijazi, 97–98; Old Slavonic, 70; Qatabanic, 102; Sabaic, 102, 111, 113, 203n33, 213n33, 214n41; Safaitic, 102, 103, 104, 191n60; Semitic, 19, 102, 213n36; Slavonic, 136, 204n52; Sogdian, 136; Syriac, 13, 30, 32, 36, 37, 50, 57, 64, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 91, 98, 101, 104, 107, 133, 136, 149, 154, 166, 170, 176, 178, 196n115, 198n133, 213n28, 214n41, 215n50, 215n61, 223n138, 229n53; Taymanitic, 102, 103; Thamudic, 102. Véase también Arabic language
last judgment. Véase Día del Juicio
Lazarus, 152, 177
Levenson, Jon, 75
Lindstedt, Ilkka, 32–33, 101, 103, 107
Loreto, Romolo, 117
Lot, 15, 70
Lot’s wife, 15
Lucknow conference, 8, 188–89n36
Luqmān, 188n33
Ma’add tribe, 98
Al-Manaser, Ali, 104
Mar al-Qays, 100
Mar Ishai, 178, 231n78, 232n90
Martha (sister of Lazarus), 152
martyrion shrine, 108
mártires y martirio, 174–79, 181, 230n74, 230–31n77, 231n84, 231–32n86; Feast of the Martyrs, 232n90; Ḥamza, 28; martyrs of Najran, 215n61; in paraíso, 174–75, 176, 178, 231n84, 231–32n86; Stephen, 231n84
Mary (mother of Jesus): angels speaking to, 154; as mother of Jesus, 42, 45, 105, 127, 131, 151, 154, 156, 189n37; and the nativity of Jesus, 148–51; en el Corán, 16, 22, 58, 75, 121, 180; veneration of, 9, 10, 11, 46, 47, 188n28, 189n37
Matthew (apostle and saint), 221n116
Mecca: Abraha’s expedition to, 18; Christians in, 3, 117–29, 135, 218n93, 218n94; Jews in, 135; as “Mother of Cities,” 98, 99; Muhammad in, 2, 116, 173; as pagan city, 2, 17, 40, 75, 172, 187n22; pagan idols in, 23; preislámico, 13; Quraysh in, 23
Medina: Christianity in, 117–29, 218n94; Jews in, 77, 210n111; Muhammad in, 19, 173
Melkites, 7, 11
Miaphysites, 18
Michael (archangel), 63
midrash, 73–74, 75
Mir, Mustansir, 79–80
miracle stories: bringing clay birds to life, 9, 151–53; from the canonical Gospels, 152; David defeating Goliath, 151; of Jesus, 58–59, 149–51; from the noncanonical Gospels, 152; parting of the Red Sea, 151; performed by prophets, 151, 153–54; raising Lazarus, 152, 177; Ṣāliḥ’s camel, 151; Solomon’s control of animate and inanimate objects, 151; speaking as a newborn, 149, 152; spring of water and the palm
tree, 149–51; staff of Moses becoming a snake, 151; tree at Hermopolis, 226n21
Mishnah, 57, 159
missionaries, 8, 135–40
Mohammed, Khaleel, 145
monasteries, 37, 118; in Iraq, 216n65; of the Tayyāyē, 198n130
monasticism, 128, 129–35, 217–18n88
monks, 10, 116, 118, 126, 128–32, 135, 139, 167, 193n86, 198n130, 217n88, 219–20n107, 221n121, 233n96; Nestorian, 139; practice of prostration, 128–29
monoteísmo: of Abraham, 73; in Arabia, 5, 9–10, 17, 37, 95, 102–3, 104, 105, 107, 112, 116, 144, 194n89, 215n47; biblical, 114; of Christianity, 99; in the Hijaz, 32; and idolatría, 24; inscripciones, 103, 111–12, 114–16; of Islam, 12–13; of Judaism, 99; preislámico, 9–10, 13, 17, 24–25, 32, 33; progression toward, 22; en el Corán, 4, 7, 94, 99, 172, 173
Montgomery, James, 23
Mordechai, 207n83
Mosaic law, 44
Moses, 16, 35, 47, 58, 75, 86, 120, 125, 133, 146, 151, 153, 157, 203n32, 226n26; Book of, 35, 155, 156; law of, 218–19n99; as prophet, 31
mosques, 75, 115, 129; Sunni, 225n16; ‘Umar mosque, 117
Muhammad (Prophet): and Abū Bakr, 26–27; and Abū Jahl, 28, 29; as bashīr, 156; biographies of, 1–2, 3, 25, 28, 49, 118, 135; character of, 195n100; companions of, 28, 115–16, 181; confirming Jesus’s book, 47; destruction of pagan idols by, 23; familiarity with Christians and Christianity, 8–9, 19, 41, 118–19, 139–40, 188n28, 190n50, 222n130, 223n142; familiarity with Jews and Judaism, 77, 118–19; as first Muslim, 219n106; Gabriel’s appearance to, 1–2; God’s message to, 127, 164; in the Hijaz,
22; ignorance of Jews and Christians, 12; Jesus’s knowledge of, 42, 44, 47, 157; knowledge of Jesus, 19, 22; in Mecca and Medina, 1, 2, 4, 19, 116, 173; meeting Baḥīrā, 118, 130; as messenger, 42, 43–44, 128, 156, 159, 163–65; military campaigns of, 132, 179; as the new Abraham, 75, 123; opponents of, 22–23, 40, 171–74; as poet, 21, 40; precursors of, 5; as prophet, 35–36, 43–44, 99, 146, 181, 195n100, 197n123, 198n127, 199–200n5, 219n101; y el Corán, 32, 38–41, 101; rejection of Christianity by, 6, 8, 11; religious development of, 3, 5, 17, 38; on retreat, 1–2, 183–84n1; revelacións given to, 156; and the rise of Allah, 13–14; as ummī, 36, 44, 99, 197–98n126, 200n6
Muhammad and His Followers in Context (Lindstedt), 32–33
al-Mundhir, 18
Mundhir III, 216n65
Muqātil b. Sulaymān, 21, 176
mushrikūn, 22, 23, 24, 27, 171–74
Muslims: interaction with Christians, 8, 24, 119, 120–22, 123, 127, 134, 141, 180–81, 186n15, 188–89n36, 212n17, 218n95, 232n91; in Etiopía, 3, 118; first Muslims, 1, 13, 219n106; and Jews, 145, 146, 212n17; military campaigns of, 132; in Palestine, 151; as Gente del Libro, 126; scholars, 3, 5, 33, 38, 123, 144, 184–85n8, 196n108, 219n102. Véase también Islam
Muth, Franz-Christopher, 21
Nabataean kingdom, 104, 105, 107, 109, 111
Näf, Heinrich, 77
Narsai, 77, 78, 84, 170, 208n86, 231n78
Nasrids, 18, 101, 216n65
Nathan, 208n88
Nazarenes, 185n11, 185n12
Nazareth, 3
Nazoreans, 2–3, 185n10
Nehmé, Leila, 106, 107, 108, 117
Nestorians, 11, 18, 139
Nestorius, 11
Neuwirth, Angelika, 115, 143, 160
New Testament: as Gospel (good news), 154; Gospels, 4, 51, 57, 83, 129; letters of Paul, 56, 57, 59, 139, 154, 169, 185–86n14, 201n19; Stephen’s speech, 52–54; stories en el Corán, 58–59; synoptic Gospels, 1, 54, 159; Syriac, 4; translations of, 136; turns of phrase en el Corán, 48–50. Véase también Bible; miracle stories; parables
night vigil, 128
Nimrod, 74
Noah, 16, 21, 74, 151, 157, 195n97, 208n88, 230n71
Nöldeke, Theodor, 39, 40, 88
Old Testament. Véase Bible; Hebrew Bible
oral transmission, 118
Origen of Alexandria, 171
Origenist controversies, 88, 230n70
Origin of Islam (Bell), 5, 6, 17–18. Véase también Bell, Richard
Ostrogoths, 12
paganism: in Arabia, 13, 23, 25, 95; debased state of, 193n84; in the Hijaz, 17; and monoteísmo, 172–73; in the Near East, 38; rejection of, 4; in Ṭā’if, 115. Véase también politeísmo
pagans: as adversaries, 22–29, 146, 174; in Arabia, 13, 19, 49, 110, 112, 140, 187n22; Christianized, 188–89n36; in Mecca, 2, 17, 40, 75; Muhammad’s message to, 180, 232n91; in Palestine, 172. Véase también mushrikūn
Palestine, 172, 218n95
parables: ancient Mediterranean, 158; foolish virgins, 158; of Jesus, 48, 54–55, 158, 162–65, 227n31, 227n32, 227–28n33, 228n37, 228n39; in Jewish literature, 158–59; Light Verse, 160–61; Nathan’s
parable to David, 208n88; en el Corán, 157–58, 160–61, 181, 227n28, 228n36; of the sower, 162
Paradise: denial of entry to, 45, 48, 148; Eden as, 174–75; martyrs in, 174–75, 176, 178, 231n84, 231–32n86; promise of, 36, 56, 98, 119, 150, 155, 195n99. Véase también Heaven
Paradise Lost (Milton), 65
Paret, Rudi, 158
Paul (apostle and saint), 185n11; letters of, 56, 57, 59, 139, 154, 169, 185–86n14, 201n19
Paul of Antioch, 180
Paul the Black, 191n69
Gente del Libro, 35, 37, 38, 44, 99, 119, 121–27, 133, 141, 147, 156, 200n6, 212n17, 212n18, 219n104
Persia, 18
Peshitta, 54, 85, 114, 154, 202n23, 204n49, 214n46, 229n53
Pharaoh, 75, 86, 203n32
piety, eschatological, 166–74
poesía: Arabic, 98, 198n129; Christian, 37; Jāhilī, 21; preislámico, 20–21, 37, 192n74, 192n78, 193n84
Pohlmann, Karl-Heinz, 59
politeísmo: Arabic, 22, 95, 230n71; and Christianity, 8, 9; Judaizing or Christianizing, 172. Véase también paganism
Potiphar, 79, 83, 86
Potiphar’s wife, 79, 80, 83–84, 94, 207n82, 207n83, 208n87
prayer, 29–33
priests, 10, 11, 118, 126, 131, 133, 135, 210n2
prophets: biblical, 17, 42, 43; choosing their successors, 199–200n5; divine messages from, 31; historical role of, 197n124; Jewish, 58; miracles performed by, 151, 153–54; mistreatment of, 125, 146, 147, 220n108; pre-Muhammedan, 157; Qur’anic, 17. Véase también Jesus; Muhammad (Prophet)
prostration, 128–29
Protestantism, 8–9, 24. Véase también Christianity
Pseudo-Narsai, 82, 83, 85, 207n83
al-Qays, Imrū,’ 20
Qur’an: Abraham in, 4, 14–15, 16, 23, 58, 72–74, 76, 120, 122–23, 147, 151, 155, 157, 170, 212n17; and the Arabic language, 33, 35, 36–38; Aramaic language in, 9; author of, 10–11, 14, 28, 35, 38, 100, 118; as bashīr, 155; biblical material in, 14, 15–16, 21–22, 48–56; Christian context of, 38, 41, 48, 87, 117–29, 135, 140, 157, 166, 169–70, 174, 180–81, 218n95, 232n91, 233n96; Christian influence on, 81–82, 94, 102, 118; Christian legends in, 57–94, 135; Christian readings of, 180–81; Christianity mentioned, 8, 30, 32, 38, 81, 94, 101, 118, 121–25, 141–42; commentaries on, 27–29; critical research on, 39; exegetical translation of, 144–45; first verses given by Gabriel, 1; four ḥanīfs, 4–5; God’s gift of, 33–35, 43; as Gospel for Arabs, 232n91; government-sponsored translation, 144, 145, 224–25n13, 225n16; historical context of, 17–18, 29, 93–94, 95, 148; imagery in, 44; influence on Islamic poesía, 20; interest in monjes y monacato, 129–35; Jewish influence on, 41, 81–82, 94, 118; Jewish sources for, 41, 77; Joseph story in, 76–86, 191n62, 205n63, 205–6n65; key religious concepts, 16–17; Light Verse, 160–61; literary nature of, 24–25, 32, 39; on martyrdom, 174–79, 181; miracle stories of Jesus, 149–54; mysterious letters, 28–29; on the nativity of Jesus, 148–51; origin of, 118, 136, 196n108, 199n140, 218n95; parables in, 157–58, 160–61, 227n28, 228n36; and Gente del Libro, 38, 121–28; possible redactions or
insertions, 40–41, 118; and prayer, 29–33; preislámico terminology in, 19; punishment stories, 15, 74, 175, 194n99, 199n145; reference to Elkesaites, 7; references to Jesus, 7, 9–10, 16, 43, 44–48, 58, 75, 121, 148, 151, 156, 226n26; references to pagan deities, 23–24; on the resurrection, 173–74; as revelación, 33–35, 38; theological language of, 115; as transcript, 39, 41; as words of Muhammad, 38–41
Qur’an and Its Biblical Reflexes, The (Durie), 16–17
Qur’an and Its Biblical Subtext, The (Reynolds), 16, 28
Texto Consonántico Coránico (TCC), 97, 211n8
Qur’anic Studies (Wansbrough), 25
Quraysh tribe, 23, 183–84n1, 187n22, 193n88
al-Qurtubi, 225n16
Quṣayr ‘Amra frescoes, 205n62
Quss ibn Sa’ida, 140, 223n142
rabbis, 10, 66, 131–32, 133, 197n124
Rabin, Chaim, 135, 139
Rachel, 84, 207n78
Raphael (angel), 208n86
Raqōsh bint ‘Abd Manōtō, 106–7
redaction, 41, 118
religion, and political authority, 6
resurrection, 88, 89, 170–73, 230n70; en el Corán, 173–74; sleeping until, 175–78, 231n81; and “soul sleep,” 175–78, 231n80. Véase también Day of Resurrection
Retsö, Jan, 98
revelación, 154–56
Rippin, Andrew, 24
Robin, Christian, 14, 105, 109, 110, 112
Roman Arabian Province, 110
Roman Empire, 12–13
Rudolph, Wilhelm, 128, 130
Ruqaym son of Ma’arrif, 108
Ṣābi’ūn, 7
Saleh, Walid, 164
Ṣāliḥ’s camel, 151
Salmān al-Fārisī, 222n130
Sanhedrin, 61
Sarah (wife of Abraham), 14–15
Sasanian Empire, 18, 75
Satan, 65, 173; and Adam, 63; as enemy of humanity, 60–61; as serpent, 65. Véase también devil
Saudi Arabia, 19, 225n16; Arabic, 108–9; Christian inscripciones in, 108–9
Segovia, Carlos, 103
Septuagint, 85
Servius (saint), 108
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, 58, 86–94, 170, 173, 176, 178, 180
Sheol, 177. Véase también hell
shirk, 16, 24–25, 45, 147, 173
Shoemaker, Stephen, 110, 118, 150, 151
Shullay son of Awshū, 107
Sidky, Hythem, 110, 111, 112, 115
Simeon the Stylite (saint), 18, 191n68
Simon Peter (apostle and saint), 55
Sinai, Nicolai, 40, 99, 143, 169–70, 172
Sodom, 71, 165
Solomon, 58, 151, 153
“soul sleep,” 175–78, 231n80
Sozomen, 226n21
Speer, Robert, 8–9
Sprenger, Aloys, 7
Stephen (apostle and saint), as martyr, 231n84
Stephen of Ephesus, 88
Study Qur’an, 122n130, 126
Sūrat Yūsuf, 76–86
Sweat, Laura, 164–65
Syria, 18, 108, 218n95; Christianity in, 32, 77, 86, 116, 166–67
Syriac fathers, 77, 166, 167, 168, 178, 206n68. Véase también Christians: Syriac
Syro-Palestine, 118
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja’far, 28, 145, 176, 225n16
taḥannuth, 1, 183–84n1
Talmud, 61, 62, 158, 159, 203n35, 228n34
Tannous, Jack, 37, 94, 95, 117, 135
Tarasenko, A., 158
Tartar, Georges, 180
Terah (father of Abraham), 68–75, 203n32, 205n54, 205n56
Tertullian, 231–32n86
Tertullus, 185n11
Thawbān son of Mālik, 109
Theodore of Bostra, 37
Theodoret, 191n68
Theodosius II (emperor), 89, 90, 92–93
Tobias, 208n86
Tobit, 208n86
Torá, 2, 4, 31, 34, 42, 43, 44, 47, 57, 98, 122, 123, 128, 151, 156, 159–60, 197–98n126, 199n1, 200n13, 212n17. Véase también Hebrew Bible
Trinitarian invocation, 142–43, 144, 224n7, 224n9
Trinity, 9, 137, 143, 144, 173, 180–81, 188n28, 189n37, 189n38
tritheism, 173
‘Ubaydallāh b. Jaḥsh, 3
‘Umar, 29
‘Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, 28, 117
Umayya b. Abī l-Ṣalt, 20
unbelievers, 27, 28, 45, 157–58, 162, 204n42, 209n102
Understanding the Qur’an (Abdel Haleem), 80
‘Uthmān b. al-Ḥuwayrith, 3
‘Uthmān b. Ṭalḥa, 23
Viricanus (guard dog), 90–91
al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad b. ‘Abd, 24
Waldman, Marilyn, 76
Wansbrough, John, 25
Waraqa b. Nawfal, 1, 2, 3, 184n7, 184–85n8,
185n10, 185n13
Watt, Montgomery, 17
Webb, Peter, 98
Witztum, Joseph, 59, 77–78, 79, 81, 83,
84, 85
Yemen, 18, 19, 139, 193–94n88, 210n2
Yusuf Ali, Abdullah, 126
Zacharias of Mitylene, 91, 92, 93
Zahniser, Mathias, 157
Zamakhsharī, 176
Zayd b. ‘Amf b. Nufayl, 225n14
Zayd b. ‘Amr, 3–4, 186n16
Zayd b. Ḥāritha, 1, 184n6
Zayd b. Thābit, 218n93
Zoroastrianism, 222n130